The Parisian club has now won the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past Marseille in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to take a shock advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 years.